Dynamic memory based on single electron storage

ABSTRACT

A method for forming edge-defined structures with sub-lithographic dimensions which are used to further form conduction channels and/or storage structures in memory cells. Sacrificial silicon nitride islands are deposited at low temperatures and then patterned and etched by high resolution etching techniques. Polysilicon is next deposited over the sacrificial silicon nitride islands and directionally etched to form edge-defined polysilicon dot and strip structures which are about one tenth the minimum feature size. The edge-defined polysilicon strips and dots are formed between the source and drain region of an NMOS device. Subsequent to the removal of the sacrificial silicon nitride islands, the edge-defined polysilicon strips and dots are used to mask a threshold voltage implantation in a conventional CMOS process. A conduction channel and two adjacent potential minimum dots are formed after the removal of the edge-defined polysilicon strips and dots.

This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/779,547, filed on Feb. 9, 2001, which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of semiconductor devices and, in particular, to charge storage structures of memory devices.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A dynamic random access memory (DRAM) cell typically comprises a charge storage capacitor (or cell capacitor) coupled to an access device such as a Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET). The MOSFET applies or removes charge on the capacitor, affecting therefore a logical state defined by the stored charge. The conditions of DRAM operations, such as operating voltage, leakage rate and refresh rate, will generally mandate that a certain minimum charge be stored by the capacitor. In the continuing trend to higher memory capacity, the packing density of storage cells must increase, yet each must maintain required capacitance levels for a respective memory cell area. Accordingly, it is becoming extremely difficult to produce a capacitor with a relatively high storage capacitance on the available memory cell area.

With a view towards further miniaturization of electronic devices, single-electron components have been introduced, in which switching processes are effected with single electrons. This way, techniques for memory systems in silicon technology based on (1) trapping of single electrons on silicon inclusions in the gate oxide of transistors; (2) trapping of electrons at traps or point defects in the gate oxide; (3) trapping of electrons on the grains of polysilicon in thin film transistors; or (4) trapping of single electrons in potential minimum regions in an ultra-thin film of roughened silicon on insulator material have been disclosed. Most of these techniques, however, involve the tunneling of electrons through thin oxides, which in turn requires high electric fields in such oxides. Such high electric fields degrade the oxides and confer only a limited number of memory cycling times, typically in the order of 10⁹ times. Other single-electron techniques involve the trapping of electrons on polysilicon grains formed in thin film devices, but this process is difficult to control since the roughening of the polysilicon to form the grains occurs randomly.

Accordingly, there is a need for an improved method of forming single-electron devices used in IC fabrication. There is also a need for high density single-electron memory devices with conduction channels and storage areas which are easily reproducible and which do not occur in a random manner, as well as a method for fabricating such memory devices.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a method for forming edge-defined structures with sub-lithographic dimensions which are used to further form conduction channels and/or storage structures in single-electron memory devices.

In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, sacrificial silicon nitride islands are deposited at low temperatures and then patterned and etched by high resolution etching techniques. Polysilicon is next deposited over the sacrificial silicon nitride islands and directionally etched to form edge-defined polysilicon dot and strip structures which are about one tenth the minimum feature size.

In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, edge-defined polysilicon strips and dots are formed between the source and drain region of an NMOS device. Subsequent to the removal of the sacrificial silicon nitride islands, the edge-defined polysilicon strips and dots are used to mask a threshold voltage implantation in a conventional CMOS process. This way, a conduction channel and two adjacent potential minimum dots are formed after the removal of the edge-defined polysilicon strips and dots. The presence or absence of electrons in these potential minimum dots will modulate the number of electrons in the conduction channel of, for example, a single-electron DRAM of very high density.

Additional advantages of the present invention will be more apparent from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings, which illustrate exemplary embodiments of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of a semiconductor device in which a sublithographic edge-defined structure will be formed according to a method of the present invention.

FIG. 2 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the FIG. 1 device at a stage of processing subsequent to that shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the FIG. 1 device at a stage of processing subsequent to that shown in FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 illustrates a top three-dimensional view of the FIG. 3 device.

FIG. 5 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the FIG. 1 device at a stage of processing subsequent to that shown in FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the FIG. 1 device at a stage of processing subsequent to that shown in FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the FIG. 1 device at a stage of processing subsequent to that shown in FIG. 6.

FIG. 8 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the FIG. 1 device at a stage of processing subsequent to that shown in FIG. 7.

FIG. 9 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of a single-electron DRAM device, in which edge-defined structures are formed according to a method of the present invention.

FIG. 10 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the FIG. 9 device at a stage of processing subsequent to that shown in FIG. 9.

FIG. 11 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the FIG. 9 device at a stage of processing subsequent to that shown in FIG. 10.

FIG. 12 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the FIG. 9 device at a stage of processing subsequent to that shown in FIG. 11.

FIG. 13 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the FIG. 9 device at a stage of processing subsequent to that shown in FIG. 12.

FIG. 14 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the FIG. 9 device at a stage of processing subsequent to that shown in FIG. 13.

FIG. 15 illustrates a top view of the FIG. 14 device.

FIG. 16 illustrates a top view of the FIG. 15 device at a stage of processing subsequent to that shown in FIG. 15.

FIG. 17 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the FIG. 16 device taken along line 17-17′.

FIG. 18 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the FIG. 9 device at a stage of processing subsequent to that shown in FIG. 17.

FIG. 19 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the FIG. 9 device at a stage of processing subsequent to that shown in FIG. 18.

FIG. 20 illustrates a partial cross-sectional view of the FIG. 19 device.

FIG. 21 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the FIG. 9 device at a stage of processing subsequent to that shown in FIG. 19.

FIG. 22 illustrates a top view of the FIG. 21 device.

FIG. 23 illustrates a top 90 degree view of the FIG. 22 device.

FIG. 24 illustrates a top view of the FIG. 21 device at a stage of processing subsequent to that shown in FIG. 23.

FIG. 25 illustrates a top view of the FIG. 21 device at a stage of processing subsequent to that shown in FIG. 24.

FIG. 26 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the FIG. 25 device taken along line 26-26′.

FIG. 27 cross-sectional view of the FIG. 25 device at a stage of processing subsequent to that shown in FIG. 26.

FIG. 28 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the FIG. 25 device taken along line 28-28′.

FIG. 29 illustrates the variations in potential at the surface and the energy barrier in the y-axis direction for an electron stored in a potential minimum dot formed according to a method of the present invention.

FIG. 30 illustrates the variations in potential at the surface and the energy barrier in the x-axis direction for an electron stored in a potential minimum dot formed according to a method of the present invention.

FIG. 31 illustrates a device model based on capacitive elements for the conduction channel and the potential minimum dots of the single-electron DRAM device formed according to a method of the present invention.

FIG. 32 illustrates another device model based on capacitive elements for the conduction channel and the potential minimum dots of the single-electron DRAM device formed according to a method of the present invention.

FIG. 33 illustrates a single-electron DRAM array including transistors with conduction channels and the potential minimum dots formed according to a method of the present invention.

FIG. 34 is an illustration of a computer system having a single-electron memory device employing the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In the following detailed description, reference is made to various specific exemplary embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. These embodiments are described with sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, and it is to be understood that other embodiments may be employed, and that structural, logical, and electrical changes may be made.

The terms “wafer” or “substrate” used in the following description may include any semiconductor-based structure that has an exposed semiconductor surface. Wafer and structure must be understood to include silicon-on insulator (SOI), silicon-on sapphire (SOS), doped and undoped semiconductors, epitaxial layers of silicon supported by a base semiconductor foundation, and other semiconductor structures. The semiconductor need not be silicon-based. The semiconductor could be silicon-germanium, germanium, or gallium arsenide.

Referring now to the drawings, where like elements are designated by like reference numerals, FIGS. 1-8 illustrate a method of forming edge-defined structures with sub-lithographic dimensions in 0.1μ CMOS technologies, which may be used to further form channel and/or storage structures in memory devices. FIGS. 9-27 illustrate an exemplary embodiment of a portion of a high density single-electron memory device for use in charge storage technologies which employs the edge-defined structures formed according to a method of the present invention.

FIG. 1 represents an edge-defined structure formation for a memory device at an intermediate stage of processing and in accordance with a method of the present invention. The FIG. 1 structure includes a substrate 10 and an oxide layer 12 formed over the substrate 10 by conventional semiconductor processing techniques. A thin silicon nitride layer 14 (FIG. 1) of about 500 Å to about 1,000 Å is next disposed above the substrate 10 and the oxide layer 12. The silicon nitride layer 14 is a sacrificial layer which, as explained in more detail below, will be subsequently removed.

According to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the silicon nitride layer 14 (FIG. 1) is formed by employing a low temperature deposition process. For example, silicon nitrides have been deposited at low temperature by electron cyclotron resonance plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (ECR PE CVD) for applications in micromachining, as described by Panepucci, R. R. et al. in Silicon Nitride Deposited by Electron Cyclotron Resonance Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition for Micromachining Applications, Proc. of SPIE, vol. 3512, pp. 146-51 (1998), who, during the deposition process, used as an etchant a mixed solution of KOH:isopropyl: H₂.

The silicon nitride layer 14 (FIG. 1) may also be deposited at a low temperature and low microwave power using pure silane as gas precursor in a nitrogen plasma. Details of this low temperature deposition process are outlined by Lapeyrade, M. et al. in Silicon Nitride Films Deposited by Electron Cyclotron Resonance Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition, Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 433-44 (1999). This way, silicon nitride films with high resistivity (about 10¹⁵ ohm/cm and higher) and with a breakdown field of about 3 MV/cm can be obtained at a substrate temperature of about 300° C.

Next, as illustrated in FIG. 2, the silicon nitride layer 14 is patterned using a photoresist layer 15 formed over the silicon nitride layer 14 to a thickness of about 5,000 Å to about 10,000 Å. The photoresist layer 15 is then patterned with a mask (not shown) used as an etch mask during an etching step to obtain a silicon nitride structure 20, as shown in FIG. 3. For minimum dimensions, the silicon nitride structure 20 may have the topography of a square island, for example of about 1,000 Å×1,000 Å. Although FIG. 3 illustrates only one silicon nitride structure 20, it must be understood, however, that a plurality of such silicon nitride structures or islands may be formed over the oxide layer 12. Such a plurality of silicon nitride structures 20 is illustrated in a three-dimensional view in FIG. 4.

The etching of the photoresist layer 15 (FIG. 2) to obtain the silicon nitride structure 20 (FIG. 3) may be accomplished by using a high resolution etching technique such as the one described by Mescher, M. J. et al. in AS dry etch fabrication process for microelectromechanical devices using silicon nitride sacrificial layers, Proc. of InterPACK 97, vol. 1, pp. 435-38 (1997), when they demonstrated a nitride etch rate of about 3 μm/min, as compared with 20 nm/min for oxide, using a commercial system called Poly-Etch.

The etching of the photoresist layer 15 (FIG. 2) to obtain the silicon nitride structure 20 (FIG. 3) may be further achieved by a highly uniform and selective nitride spacer etch process in advanced sub-0.35 μm. Such a process is described in detail by Regis, J. M. et al. in Reactive ion etch of silicon nitride spacer with high selectivity to oxide, Proceeding of 1997 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference and Workshop, pp. 252-56 (1997), according to which the authors used a commercial system called electric Etch M*P+MERIE chamber. A CF₃/Ar-based main etch process provided a controllable nitride etch rate of 80 to 170 nm/min with good uniformity, while providing a proper profile and maintaining the spacer width.

Alternatively, the etching of the photoresist layer 15 (FIG. 2) to obtain the silicon nitride structure 20 (FIG. 3) may be also accomplished by using an inductively-coupled plasma (ICP) system. Recently, in High selectivity silicon nitride etch process, Semiconductor Int., vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 235-40 (1998), Wang, Y. et al. have outlined a high selectivity nitride etch process using an inductively-coupled plasma, where etch selectivity ratio of LPCVD nitride to thermal oxide greater than 40:1 was achieved at a nitride etch rate of 50 nm/min.

After the formation of the silicon structures 20, a polysilicon layer 22 (FIG. 5) is formed over the silicon nitride structure 20 and the oxide layer 12, as depicted in FIG. 5. For simplicity, FIG. 5 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the structure of FIG. 4 and depicts only one silicon nitride structure 20. It must be understood, however, that the polysilicon layer 22 is formed over the plurality of silicon nitride structures 20 of FIG. 4.

In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the polysilicon layer 22 (FIG. 5) is deposited by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using silane precursor to a thickness of about 1,500 Å to about 1,800 Å. An example of such deposition process is given by Boswell, E. C. et al. in Polysilicon field emitters, Journal of Vacuum Science and Tech. B, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 1910-13 (1996), according to which polysilicon films were deposited at 645° C. on large substrates by CVD, followed by wet etching using an HF:HNO₃ acetic acid etching to form the desired structures. Oxidation of the structures was performed in wet oxygen furnace at 950° C. for about 90 min. Subsequently, this oxide was etched in buffered HF. This combination of deposition, etching and oxidation processes produced sharper polysilicon structures for efficient field emission.

Subsequent to the formation of the polysilicon layer 22 (FIG. 5), edge-defined polysilicon structures 24 (FIG. 6) are formed by directional etching of the polysilicon layer 22 by RIE, as shown in FIG. 6. The dimensions of the edge-defined polysilicon structures 24 are about 100 Å width and about 1,000 Å length. Directional etching of the polysilicon layer 22 may be accomplished by a variety of methods, such as the one described by Horioka, K. et al. in Highly selective and directional etching of phosphorous doped polycrystalline silicon with tri-level resist mask employing magnetron plasma, 1998 Symposium on VLSI Technology, Digest of Technical Papers, pp. 81-82 (1998). Horioka, K. et al. demonstrated both highly selective and directional etching of n+ polysilicon by using a magnetron Cl₂SiCl₄ plasma using a tri-level resist mask at a substrate temperature below 0° C.

Alternatively, the formation of the edge-defined polysilicon structures 24 (FIG. 6) may be accomplished by using an ultra-clean electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma etcher, such as the one described by Matsuura et al. in Directional etching of Si with perfect selectivity to SiO ₂ using an ultraclean electron cyclotron resonance plasma, Appl. Phys. Letters, vol. 56, no. 14, pp. 1339-41 (1990). A chlorine plasma at a pressure of 0.6 to 4.0 Torr with a microwave power of 300 to 700 Watts were used for selectively etching silicon films. Under the highly selective conditions, anisotropic lower submicron patterns of polysilicon were obtained with minimum undercut.

Still further, the edge-defined polysilicon structures 24 (FIG. 6) may be also obtained by directionally deep etching the polysilicon layer 22 by cryogenic reactive ion etching using SF₆ gas according to a method outlined by Esashi, M. et al. in High-rate directional deep dry etching for bulk silicon micromachining, Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 5-10 (1995). The system developed by Esashi, M. et al. could be used to etch through a silicon wafer of 200 μm thickness at a typical etch rate of 0.8 μm/min with vertical walls as thin as 20 μm.

In any event, the polysilicon from the polysilicon layer 22 (FIG. 5) is removed from the top of the silicon nitride structure 20 and in the field oxide areas, to obtain the edge-defined polysilicon structures 24 (FIG. 6) along the sidewalls of the silicon nitride structure 20. Since each of the silicon nitride structures 20 (FIG. 4) has four sidewalls, each silicon nitride structure 20 will have four respective edge-defined polysilicon structures 24, each of them formed on a respective sidewall. Typically, the dimensions of the edge-defined polysilicon structures 24 are about one tenth the minimum feature size, or about 100 Å in width and about 1,000 Å in length, and they can be varied by varying the relative thicknesses of the silicon nitride structure 20 and that of the polysilicon layer 22.

Once the directional etching of the polysilicon layer 22 is completed, the silicon nitride structure 20 is removed by a wet etching, for example, to obtain the structure of FIG. 7 retaining the four edge-defined polysilicon structures 24. An example of wet etching of silicon nitride is described by Alkaisi, M. M. et al. in Nanolithography using wet etched nitride phase mask, Journal of Vacuum Science and Tech. B, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 3929-33 (1998), where silicon nitride is etched by using hot H₃PO₄ or HF.

In the case where one edge-defined polysilicon structure 24 is needed (as in the exemplary embodiment which will be described below), an extra masking step is employed to remove the other three edge-defined polysilicon structures 24 and to obtain the structure of FIG. 8. The edge-defined polysilicon structure 24 of FIG. 8 has a feature size as small as 100 Å, or as explained above, about one tenth the minimum feature size, that is the thickness of the silicon nitride structure 20.

The edge-defined polysilicon structure 24 of FIG. 8 may be designed to have various geometries, for example strips and/or dots, which may be further used to mask a threshold voltage implantation which adjusts the threshold voltage of a memory device (for example, an NMOS device) in a conventional CMOS process. The term “polysilicon dot” used in this application refers to any polysilicon structure having a defined geometrical structure, including but not limited to circular or spherical structures, hemispherical structures, or rectangular structures, among others.

In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the method of forming edge-defined polysilicon structures, such as the edge-defined polysilicon structure 24 of FIG. 8, is employed to form polysilicon strips and adjacent polysilicon dots in the thin oxide gate area of a normal n-channel CMOS device. As it will be explained in detail below, the polysilicon strip will be used to form a conduction channel with low threshold voltage between the source and drain region, and the adjacent polysilicon dots will be used to form potential minimum regions to store electrons. The presence or absence of electrons in these potential minimum regions is employed as a memory function in a single-electron DRAM of very high density. The formation of an n-channel CMOS device for high density single-electron DRAMs with polysilicon strips and dots as channel and storage regions formed according to a method of the present invention is now described with reference to FIGS. 9-32.

FIG. 9 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an n-channel CMOS device area on which field oxide regions 53 are formed over substrate 50 by conventional semiconductor processing techniques. For the purposes of the present invention, we make the implicit assumption that the source/drain regions (not shown) of a conventional transistor have been already formed and that the gate stack has been also already formed for doping the source and drain regions and removed. The field oxide regions 53 surround and completely isolate a thin gate oxide device area 51, in the center of which a thin polysilicon strip 65 (FIG. 13) and two adjacent polysilicon dots 85 (FIG. 21) will be formed, as explained in more detail below.

A first silicon nitride layer 54 (FIG. 9) is next deposited by the low temperature deposition methods described above with reference to the formation of the silicon nitride layer 14 (FIG. 2). The first silicon nitride layer 54 is patterned and etched by optical lithography to obtain a first silicon nitride island 60 having the proximal end in the center of the thin gate oxide device area 51, as shown in FIG. 10. A first polysilicon layer 62 (FIG. 11) is next formed over the first silicon nitride island 60 and the thin gate oxide device area 51 by any of the deposition processes outlined above with respect to the formation of the polysilicon layer 22 (FIG. 5). The first polysilicon layer 62 is subsequently directionally etched by RIE to form four edge-defined polysilicon strips 63 (FIG. 12) in a manner similar to the formation of the edge-defined polysilicon structures 24 explained above with reference to FIG. 6. Although FIG. 12 illustrates a cross-sectional view of only two edge-defined polysilicon strips 63, it must be understood that in fact four of these edge-defined polysilicon strips 63 are formed, each on each sidewall of the first silicon nitride island 60. Each of the four edge-defined polysilicon strips 63 has a width of about 100 Å and a length of about 1,000 Å.

Following the directional etching of the first polysilicon layer 62, the first silicon nitride island 60 (FIG. 12) is removed by a wet etching using hot H₃PO₄ or HF, for example. Since only the edge-defined polysilicon strips 63 in the center of the thin gate oxide area 51 is needed, the other three edge-defined polysilicon strips 63 are also removed to obtain a polysilicon strip 65 down the center of the thin gate oxide area 51, as illustrated in FIG. 13. As it will be explained in detail below, the polysilicon strip 65 will form a sub-lithographic conduction channel region 87 (FIGS. 24-27) between the source and drain of the n-channel CMOS device.

Subsequent to the removal of the first silicon nitride island 60 and the three edge-defined polysilicon strips 63, the polysilicon strip 65 may be oxidized and covered by an oxide layer 66 with a thickness of about 100 Å, as shown in FIG. 14. For a better understanding, FIG. 15 illustrates a top view of the structures of FIG. 14.

The technique of forming the polysilicon strip 65 is applied again for the formation of adjacent polysilicon dots 85 (FIG. 21) in the thin gate oxide area 51 of the CMOS device. The polysilicon dots 85 will be further used to form areas of minimum potential for storing electrons adjacent to the conduction channel 87 (FIG. 24) formed by the polysilicon strip 65, and these stored electrons will reduce the conductivity or drain current in the conduction channel 87. As such, a second silicon nitride layer (not shown) is deposited, patterned and etched to obtain a second silicon nitride island 72, shown in top and cross-sectional views in FIGS. 16-17. As illustrated in FIGS. 16-17, the second silicon nitride island 72 is patterned so that one of its sidewalls, for example its proximal sidewall 73 (FIG. 16), perpendicularly intersects the polysilicon strip 65 at about the center O of the polysilicon strip 65, extending over about half of the thin gate oxide area 51.

A second polysilicon layer 74 (FIG. 18) is next formed over the second silicon nitride island 72 by any of the deposition methods outlined above with respect to the formation of the polysilicon layer 22 (FIG. 5). The second polysilicon layer 74 is then directionally etched by RIE to form the edged-defined polysilicon strips 75 (FIG. 19) in a manner similar to the formation of the edge-defined polysilicon structures 24 (FIG. 6). In this case, however, a complex three-dimensional structure forms where the proximal sidewall 73 of the second polysilicon layer 74 crosses the polysilicon strip 65, resulting in extra polysilicon thickness to be subsequently etched. This is better illustrated in FIG. 20, which for simplicity depicts only the right side of the structure of FIG. 19, and which depicts how the RIE directional etch has a large distance “h” to etch through the polysilicon strip 65, much greater than the thickness “d” of the polysilicon strip 75. Accordingly, an additional directional etch can be designed and applied so that, after the removal of the second silicon nitride island 72, only two square polysilicon dots 85 (FIG. 21) are formed on each side of the polysilicon strip 65. For a better understanding of the invention, FIG. 22 illustrates a top view of the structure of FIG. 21. Each of the polysilicon dots 85 has a length of about 200 Å and a width of about 200 Å. Each of the polysilicon dots 85 is also spaced apart from the polysilicon strip 65 by a distance D (FIG. 22) of about 100 Å.

FIGS. 22-23 illustrate remaining processing steps for CMOS processing, where FIG. 23 has a 90 degree orientation relative to FIG. 22. The thin gate oxide area 51 undergoes boron implantation for threshold voltage VT adjustment, except that the polysilicon strip 65 and the two adjacent polysilicon dots 85 are used to mask the boron implantation. This way, after the removal of the polysilicon strip 65 (FIG. 23), a conduction channel 87 is formed below the polysilicon strip 65, as shown in FIG. 24. The conduction channel 87 is a thin oxide gate area with a width of about 100 Å and a length of about 1,000 Å and with a low depletion mode threshold voltage. Similarly, after removal of silicon dots 85, two potential minimum dots 89, of about half the area of the conduction channel 87, or about 200 Å×200 Å, are formed below the two polysilicon dots 85, also having a lower depletion mode threshold voltage that the other unmasked thin gate oxide areas.

Once the polysilicon strip 65 and the two polysilicon dots 85 are removed, a conventional gate oxide 91 with a thickness of about 100 Å is deposited over the thin oxide gate area 51 including the conduction channel 87, the two potential minimum dots 89, and the source and drain regions 93, 95 formed previously according to conventional techniques, as illustrated in FIGS. 25-26. FIG. 27 illustrates a gate stack 90 which includes gate oxide 91, a conductive layer 92, formed of polysilicon, for example, nitride spacers 94 and a nitride cap 98.

Reference is now made to FIGS. 28-32 to explain the electrical characteristics of the n-channel CMOS device having the conduction channel 87 and the potential minimum dots 89 formed as described above with reference to FIGS. 9-27. FIG. 28 is a cross-sectional view along the line 28-28′ of the structure of FIG. 25, depicting the conduction channel 87 separated from the two potential minimum dots 89 by two barrier areas A,B, at the distance D of about 100 Å. As explained above, the regions outside the conduction channel 87 and the potential minimum dots 89 have been implanted with boron to adjust the threshold voltage VT to make it more positive, and so these implant regions are device enhancement mode regions. In contrast, the conduction channel 87 and the potential minimum dots 89 are not implanted with boron, have a more negative threshold voltage and, subsequently, are device depletion mode regions.

Electrons can be stored in the potential minimum dots 89 as well as in the conduction channel 87 as long as the gate voltage VG is adjusted appropriately and it is not too large. FIG. 29 illustrates the variations in potential φ (Volts) at the surface and the energy barrier E (eV) in the y-axis direction for an electron stored in the potential minimum dots 89. Depletion mode surface region 96 corresponds to a low voltage threshold, that is the depletion mode threshold voltage VTD, where electrons can be easily trapped because the bands are easily bent. Enhancement mode surface region 97 corresponds to a high voltage threshold, that is the enhancement mode threshold voltage VTE, where electrons are not trapped because the bands are not easily bent. Similarly, FIG. 29 illustrates the variations in potential φ at the surface and the energy barrier in the x-axis direction for an electron stored in the potential minimum dots 89.

If the voltage gate VG is in excess of the enhancement mode threshold voltage VTE, and far in excess of the depletion mode threshold voltage VTD, then the surface will be inverted and the electrons will be present over the whole surface area. This is how the potential minimum dots 89 are filled with electrons, and when a large gate voltage VG is applied and then gradually reduced, electrons will be trapped in the potential minimum dots 89. Erasure can be accomplished by applying negative voltage and accumulating the charge at the surface. The presence of electrons with negative charge in the potential minimum dots 89 adjacent to the conduction channel 87 will modulate the average number of electrons or negative charges in the conduction channel, since negative charges repel each other. A reasonable barrier for electrons stored in the potential minimum dots 89 may be up to 0.5 eV.

Reference is now made to FIGS. 31-32, which illustrate a storage device model based on capacitive elements. Capacitors C1 and C2 represent the gate oxide capacitances over one potential minimum dot 89 and the conduction channel 87. Capacitors C4 and C5 represent the semiconductor capacitances of the depletion regions behind the potential minimum dot 89 and the conduction channel 87. Capacitor C3 represents the semiconductor capacitance of the barrier region, for example barrier region A of FIG. 28, between the potential minimum dot 89 and the conduction channel 87. The number of electrons stored in the potential minimum dot 89 is represented by the net negative charge at the surface, ns (FIG. 32), and the number of electrons stored in the conduction channel 87 is represented by the net negative charge at the surface, nch (FIG. 32). The whole structure, enclosed by outer line L (FIG. 32), must be charged neutral, charge conservation must apply, and all charges must be accounted for in this capacitance model. Because of the coupling between the number of electrons in the conduction channel 87, nch, and the number of electrons in the potential minimum dot 89, ns, through the capacitor C3, the number of electrons in the conduction channel 87 is modulated by the number of electrons in the potential minimum dot 89. More negative charge in the potential minimum dot 89 will reduce the number of electrons in the conduction channel 87, modulating therefore the conductivity of the conduction channel 87.

For the purposes of an illustration, lets consider that the conduction channel 87 has a width W (FIG. 24) of about 100 Å and a length L (FIG. 24) of about 1,000 Å and that the potential minimum dots 89 are about half the area of the conduction channel 87, that is about 200 Å by 200 Å, and separated from the conduction channel 87 by a potential barrier having a width W₂ (FIG. 24) of about 100 Å. The gate oxide capacitance is about 3.2×10⁻⁷ F/cm² and with the area of the conduction channel of 10⁻¹¹ cm², this gives a gate capacitance over the conduction channel of about 3.2 aF. The gate oxide capacitance over the potential minimum dot 89 is about one half the value of the gate capacitance over the conduction channel, or about 1.6 aF. If a gate is placed over these regions, a threshold voltage in these regions is VT and an excess of gate voltage over the threshold voltage is VGS−VTD=0.1V, then the conduction channel will have a charge of about 3.2×10⁻¹⁹ C, or on the average will store 2 electrons. The potential minimum dots have about half the capacitance, so with a gate voltage of 0.1V above the threshold voltage, they will have a charge of about 1.6×10⁻¹⁹ C, or on the average each of them will store 1 electron.

Considering that the average minimal number of electrons in the conduction channel 87 is two, and that the ratio of the conduction channel is W/L=1/10, then with an excess of gate voltage above the threshold voltage of 0.1 V, the conductivity of the conduction channel 87 will be given by the following formula:

IDS/VDS=(μCo)(W/L)(VGS−VTD)=(100 μA/V ²)(1/10) (0.1)=1 μS,

where

IDS=drain current in the conduction channel;

VDS=voltage;

W=width of the conduction channel;

L=length of the conduction channel;

VGS=gate voltage; and

VTD=depletion mode threshold voltage.

When the single-electron DRAM devices are arranged in an array, for example like flash memory devices, then the conductivity of the conduction channel 87 is sensed. The result proves that significant changes in conductivity, of the order of fractions of micro Siemens (μS), will be affected by the absence or presence of electrons in the potential minimum dots 89.

In addition, further steps to create a functional memory cell on the substrate 50 may be carried out. Thus, additional multilevel interconnect layers and associated dielectric layers could be formed to create operative electrical paths from the transistor gate structure 90 (FIG. 27) on the substrate 50, adjacent to the source/drain regions 93, 95 and the conduction channel 87 and the potential minimum dots 89. The substrate containing the conduction channel 87 and the two potential minimum dots 89 can be used in the formation of many types of single-electron memories, for example, DRAMs, processors etc.

A DRAM memory array comprising transistors 99 including conduction channels and potential minimum regions, such as the conduction channel 87 and the potential minimum dots 89 formed by the method of the present invention, is schematically illustrated in FIG. 33. Each array transistor 99 is illustrated as including two dots, for the two potential minimum dots 89.

A typical processor-based system 400 which includes a memory circuit 448, for example a DRAM, is illustrated in FIG. 34. A processor system, such as a computer system, generally comprises a central processing unit (CPU) 444, such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor, or other programmable digital logic devices, which communicates with an input/output (I/O) device 446 over a bus 452. The memory 448 communicates with the system over bus 452.

In the case of a computer system, the processor system may include peripheral devices such as a floppy disk drive 454 and a compact disk (CD) ROM drive 456 which also communicate with CPU 444 over the bus 452. Memory 448, the CPU 444 or others of the illustrated electrical structures may be constructed as an integrated circuit, which includes one or more conduction channels and adjacent potential minimum dots in accordance with the invention. If desired, the memory 448 may be combined with the processor, for example CPU 444, in a single integrated circuit.

The above description and drawings are only to be considered illustrative of exemplary embodiments which achieve the features and advantages of the present invention. Modification and substitutions to specific process conditions and structures can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the invention is not to be considered as being limited by the foregoing description and drawings, but is only limited by the scope of the appended claims. 

What is claimed as new and desired to be protected by Letters Patent of the United States is:
 1. A method of forming a semiconductor device, comprising the steps of: forming at least one channel region between a source region and a drain region of a semiconductor substrate; and forming at least two potential minimum regions, each of said potential minimum regions being disposed laterally to and on opposing sides of said channel region and in between said source region and said drain region, each of said potential minimum regions being capable of storing at least one charge carrier.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein forming each of said at least one channel region further comprises the act of forming a polysilicon structure in between said source region and said drain region, and subsequently doping said semiconductor substrate using said polysilicon structure as a mask.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein said act of forming said polysilicon structure further comprises the act of forming a first polysilicon layer over a first silicon nitride island formed over said semiconductor substrate.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein said act of forming said polysilicon structure further comprises the act of directionally etching polysilicon material from said first polysilicon layer.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein said act of forming said polysilicon structure further comprises the act of removing said first silicon nitride island.
 6. The method of claim 2, wherein said polysilicon structure has a width of about 100 Angstroms and a length of about 1,000 Angstroms.
 7. The method of claim 2, wherein said act of doping said semiconductor substrate includes ion implantation.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein said ion implantation is a boron implantation.
 9. The method of claim 7, wherein said act of forming said at least one channel region further comprises the act of removing said polysilicon structure after said act of ion implantation.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said act of forming said potential minimum regions further comprises the act of forming at least two polysilicon structures in between said source region and said drain region and subsequently doping said semiconductor substrate using said at least two polysilicon structures as a mask.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein said act of forming said at least two polysilicon structures further comprises the act of forming a second polysilicon layer over a second silicon nitride island formed over said semiconductor substrate.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said act of forming said at least two polysilicon structures further comprises the act of directionally etching polysilicon material from said second polysilicon layer.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein said act of forming said at least two polysilicon structures further comprises the act of removing said second silicon nitride island.
 14. The method of claim 10, wherein each of said polysilicon structures has a width of about 200 Angstroms and a length of about 200 Angstroms.
 15. The method of claim 10, wherein said act of doping said semiconductor substrate includes ion implantation.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein said ion implantation is a boron implantation.
 17. The method of claim 15, wherein said act of forming said potential minimum regions further comprises the act of removing said at least two polysilicon structures after said ion implantation.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein each of said potential minimum regions is displaced from said channel region by a distance of about 100 Angstroms.
 19. The method of claim 1 further comprising the act of forming an oxide layer over said channel region and said potential minimum regions.
 20. The method of claim 1 further comprising the act of forming a transistor over said channel region and said potential minimum regions.
 21. The method of claim 1 further comprising the act of forming a single-electron memory device over said channel region and said potential minimum regions.
 22. A method of fabricating a semiconductor device comprising the steps of: forming a silicon nitride island over a substrate; forming a polysilicon layer over said silicon nitride island; etching polysilicon material from said polysilicon layer to form four polysilicon structures on sidewalls of said silicon nitride island; removing said silicon nitride island; and after said silicon nitride island is removed, etching three of said four polysilicon structures to form a sub-micron mask.
 23. The method of claim 22 further comprising the act of doping said substrate to form doped regions adjacent to an undoped region, said undoped region being located below said sub-micron mask.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein said undoped region forms a conduction channel located between a source region and a drain region of said substrate.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein said conduction channel stores at least one charge carrier.
 26. The method of claim 24, wherein said conduction channel has a width of about 100 Angstroms and a length of about 1,000 Angstroms.
 27. The method of claim 23, wherein said undoped region forms a potential minimum region located between a source region and a drain region of said substrate.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein said potential minimum region stores at least one charge carrier.
 29. The method of claim 27, wherein said potential minimum region has a width of about 200 Angstroms and a length of about 200 Angstroms.
 30. The method of claim 22, wherein said sub-micron mask is used in forming a charge storage memory device over said substrate.
 31. A method of forming polysilicon structures for masking substrate regions of a semiconductor device, comprising the steps of: forming a plurality of silicon nitride islands over a substrate; forming a polysilicon layer over said silicon nitride islands; etching polysilicon material from said polysilicon layer to form sidewall polysilicon structures located on sidewalls of said silicon nitride islands; removing said silicon nitride islands; etching said sidewall polysilicon structures to form at least one polysilicon strip and at least two polysilicon dots; and doping said substrate to form doped regions adjacent to undoped regions, at least one of said undoped regions being located below said at least one polysilicon strip, and at least two of said undoped regions being located below said at least two polysilicon dots.
 32. The method of claim 31, wherein said at least one of said undoped regions located below said at least one polysilicon strip forms a conduction channel between a source region and a drain region of said substrate.
 33. The method of claim 32, wherein said conduction channel stores at least one charge carrier.
 34. The method of claim 32, wherein said conduction channel has a width of about 100 Angstroms and a length of about 1,000 Angstroms.
 35. The method of claim 31, wherein said at least two of said undoped regions located below said at least two polysilicon dots form at least two potential minimum regions located between a source region and a drain region of said substrate.
 36. The method of claim 35, wherein each of said at least two potential minimum regions stores at least one charge carrier.
 37. The method of claim 36, wherein each of said at least two potential minimum regions has a width of about 200 Angstroms and a length of about 200 Angstroms.
 38. A method of fabricating a semiconductor device comprising the steps of: forming a first silicon nitride island over a substrate; forming a first polysilicon layer over said first silicon nitride island; etching polysilicon material from said first polysilicon layer to form four polysilicon structures on sidewalls of said first silicon nitride island; removing said first silicon nitride island; etching three of said four polysilicon structures to form a polysilicon strip; forming a second silicon nitride island across said polysilicon strip; forming a second polysilicon layer over said second silicon nitride island; etching polysilicon material from said second polysilicon layer; removing said second silicon nitride island to form polysilicon dots on each side of said polysilicon strip; and doping said substrate to form doped regions adjacent to said polysilicon strip and said polysilicon dots, such that the regions of the substrate below said polysilicon strip and said polysilicon dots remain undoped.
 39. The method of claim 38, wherein said undoped region under said polysilicon strip forms a conduction channel located between a source region and a drain region of said substrate.
 40. The method of claim 38, wherein said undoped regions under said polysilicon dots each forms a potential minimum region located between a source region and a drain region of said substrate. 